Enhancing immune responses to limit chronic immune activation during SIV

Enhancing immune responses to limit chronic immune activation during SIV.

The persistent immune activation that is typical of HIV-1 and SIV infection results in exhaustion and dysfunction of T and B cells; in T cells, this is marked by increased expression and signaling through the inhibitory receptor programmed death-1 (PD-1). Targeting this exhaustion pathway could result in improved antiviral immune responses, but there have been concerns that it would also lead t...

Investigating an Adaptive Explanation for Nonprogressor Immune Responses to Siv

iii coding and cis-regulatory regions of four genes (CASP1, CD38, EEF1D, and SOCS1) differentially expressed in progressors and nonprogressors during the chronic phase of infection (Bosinger et. al. 2009). Results indicate these genes are largely conserved in these primates and have experienced negative selection. Furthermore, nonprogressors do not share derived variants in the promoter regions...

Resolution of immune activation defines nonpathogenic SIV infection.

Natural nonhuman primate hosts of SIV do not succumb to AIDS despite significant viral replication, a phenomenon attributed to reduced levels of chronic and deleterious "immune activation." Two studies in this issue of the JCI, by Bosinger et al. and Jacquelin et al., now show that SIV induces vigorous immune activation and upregulation of IFN-stimulated genes in both natural and susceptible ho...

Endothelial cells elicit immune-enhancing responses to dengue virus infection.

Dengue viruses cause two severe diseases that alter vascular fluid barrier functions, dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS). Preexisting antibodies to dengue virus disposes patients to immune-enhanced edema (DSS) or hemorrhagic (DHF) disease following infection by a discrete dengue virus serotype. Although the endothelium is the primary vascular fluid barrier, direct ef...

Innate Immune Responses during Sepsis